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The West Nile virus quickly spread across the United States after the first reported cases in Queens, New York in 1999. The virus is believed to have entered in an infected bird or mosquito, although there is no clear evidence. The disease spread quickly through infected birds. Mosquitoes spread the disease to mammals. It was mainly noted in horses but also appeared in a number of other species. The first human cases usually followed within three months of the first appearance of infected birds in the area except where cold weather interrupted the mosquito vectors. Differences in surveillance and reporting between health departments and generally increased surveillance as the disease spread cause some problems in direct comparison of the number of cases and the mortality rate. The reported number of infected in 2009 was 720, but the estimated total number of infected the same year was .〔("West Nile Virus Activity --- United States, 2009" ) (MMWR 59(25), July 2, 2010)〕 The true mortality rate is thought to be much lower because most cases are so mild they go undiagnosed. Some estimates put severe cases at only 1% of all cases. Most but not all mild cases go undiagnosed. In addition, some more severe but non-neuroinvasive cases are not reported to the CDC. Some mild cases are discovered during blood donation screening. 1,039 West Nile-tainted blood donations were discovered between 2003 and mid-2005. 30 cases of West Nile from blood transfusion were known, the majority from 2002 before blood screening was instituted. In the first ten years since the virus arrived in the U.S., over 1,100 deaths occurred with human cases reported from every U.S. state except Maine, Alaska and Hawaii. (Animal cases have been occasionally found in Maine and in Puerto Rico.)〔(West Nile activity maps ), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2009〕 In 2012, there was a widespread outbreak with the highest death toll and second-highest total case numbers. Maine and Puerto Rico reported one case each, the first time the disease was reported in those places.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm )〕 ==Discovery in the United States== In August 1999, Dr. Deborah Asnis, an infectious disease specialist at Flushing Hospital Medical Center in Queens, noticed two male patients who were suffering from similar, unusual symptoms. The two patients, aged 60 and 75 respectively, were exhibiting sudden paralysis in their in their arms and legs, as well as disorientation and high fevers. Lab testing also showed elevated numbers of white blood cells within the spinal fluid of both males.〔 Neither of the patients were responding to antiviral drugs.〔 Possible early hypothesizes included botulism, viral encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, or meningitis, but none of these illnesses exactly matched the symptoms.〔 Asnis decided to pursue a more concrete diagnosis by contacting authorities and other colleagues.〔 Dr. Asnis contacted Dr. Marcelle Layton, the New York City Department of Health's chief epidemiologist, on Monday, August 23, 1999, to report her patients' symptoms.〔 Layton advised Asnis to send samples of the patients' blood and spinal fluid to the New York State Department of Health in Albany for further analysis.〔 By Friday, August 27, 1999, just four days after Asnis had contacted Layton, two additional patients had been identified in Queens.〔 The number rose to eight by Sunday, August 29th, at Flushing Hospital Medical Center and other hospitals in Queens.〔 All of the early patients resided within a few miles of one another. They were also frequent gardeners in the evenings.〔 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.) initially identified the mystery illness as St. Louis encephalitis on September 3, 1999.〔 The city of New York began widespread spraying for mosquitos later that same day.〔 However, laboratory testing continued to determine a definitive cause of the symptoms. The U.S. federal government revised its diagnosis from St. Louis encephalitis to West Nile virus on September 27, 1999, citing research by Dr. Duane J. Gubler, a C.D.C. expert on arborviruses, as well as several bird deaths in the Bronx, located to the north of Queens.〔 Dr. Deborah Asnis was credited by health experts with the early identification of West Nile virus in the United States.〔 Her actions likely prevented a more widespread outbreak.〔〔 In their 2003 book, "The New Killer Diseases: How the Alarming Evolution of Germs Threatens Us All," authors Elinor Levy and Mark Fischetti praised Dr. Asnis' response to the symptoms, writing that, "Asnis did something other doctors might not have bothered to do."〔 They elaborated that, "One of the worst problems with our disease-detection system is that many doctors never report cases of strange symptoms, either because they are unsure of the disease they are facing, they're ignorant of the reporting requirement, or they simply never get around to it. Deborah Asnis was highly conscientious."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「West Nile virus in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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